Full Papers
Hydroxychloroquine inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway in synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis and alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice
X. Wang1, J. He2, J. Zhong3, J. He4, D. Wang5, L. Bai6, H. Shang7, Q. Wang8
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Peking University, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen; and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Peking University, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen; and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Peking University, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen; and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Peking University, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen; and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzen, China.
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzen, China. boowboow@163.com
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzen, China. shanghongxi@sina.com
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Peking University, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen; and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, China. wangqingwen@pkuszh.com
CER17958
2025 Vol.43, N°5
PI 0829, PF 0840
Full Papers
PMID: 40153325 [PubMed]
Received: 01/07/2024
Accepted : 21/11/2024
In Press: 28/03/2025
Published: 08/05/2025
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
To investigate the effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS).
METHODS:
We analysed the R (-) and S (+) enantiomers of HCQ. Cell viability and proliferation inhibition were quantified using CCK-8 and 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, respectively. Flow cytometry was employed to analyse cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Transwell assays were conducted to evaluate cellular motility. Molecular docking simulations with key targets predicted binding interactions. The therapeutic efficacy was validated in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model.
RESULTS:
The study finds that these enantiomers in a racemic combination, known as Rac-HCQ, are potent in arresting the growth of RA-FLS by inhibiting cell migration and invasion through downregulation of vimentin expression, inducing apoptosis via increased bax expression, and promoting cell cycle arrest by suppressing CDK1, cyclins A2, and B1. In vivo experiments showed that Rac-HCQ significantly reduced symptom severity in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. RNA sequencing suggests that Rac-HCQ alters the disease pathway in RA-FLS by blocking the PI3K/AKT pathway.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our molecular docking studies indicate KIT, SRC, and PIK3A may potentially serve as the targets of Rac-HCQ in RA. These findings reveal the potential of Rac-HCQ to modulate the functions of RA-FLS and mitigate CIA manifestations, principally through its interaction with the pathway PI3K/AKT.
