One year in review
Clinical manifestations, imaging and treatment of Sjögren's disease: one year in review 2025
L.G. Chatzis1, V. Manfrè2, A. Colangelo3, K. Delli4, S. Arends5, A.G. Tzioufas6, H. Bootsma7, L. Quartuccio8, E. Bartoloni9
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; and Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Academic Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy.
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; and Center of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; and Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Academic Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy.
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Italy. elena.bartolonibocci@unipg.it
CER19305
2025 Vol.43, N°12
PI 2007, PF 2019
One year in review
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PMID: 41328596 [PubMed]
Received: 11/09/2025
Accepted : 30/09/2025
In Press: 19/11/2025
Published: 18/12/2025
Abstract
Sjögren’s disease represents a complex systemic autoimmune disorder mainly driven by T and B lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine gland, activation of different signalling pathways and systemic cytokine production. These interacting pathogenic mechanisms may differently contribute to characterise highly variable phenotypic expression of the disease, ranging from an asymptomatic, indolent course with only glandular involvement to several extra-glandular systemic manifestations. Moreover, approximately 5–10% of patients develop lymphoproliferative disease, with an overall risk reported to be up to 48 times higher in comparison to healthy population. Due to the substantial clinical heterogeneity of the disease, in recent years, research focused to investigate biomarkers able to identify distinct subtypes of Sjögren’s disease, facilitate earlier patient recognition and homogenise patient subgroups in clinical trials aiming to develop tailored therapies. Surely, a more detailed understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms and recognition of different disease phenotypes may facilitate earlier diagnosis, enable recognition of patient clusters and suggest novel therapeutic modalities to address the unmet needs of the disease in the upcoming years. In this review, following the others of this series, we will update the most recent literature on Sjögren’s disease focusing in particular on new insights into clinical stratification, imaging techniques and targeted therapeutic advances.
